Prevalence and Associated Factors of Oral Candidiasis among Patients Attending Selected Health Facilities in North-East Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.67601/njbls.v3i2b.93Keywords:
Flossing, Oral Hygiene, Brushing, Opportunistic infection, Dental AppliancesAbstract
Oral candidiasis remains a common opportunistic fungal infection worldwide. Despite its public health relevance, data on its prevalence and risk factors in the general population of North-eastern Nigeria are limited. This study assessed the prevalence of oral candidiasis and identified associated demographic, behavioral, and oral health determinants. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 427 participants. Data were collected on demographic characteristics and determinants of the infection using structured questionnaires. Oral examination and laboratory confirmation were performed to identify oral candidiasis cases. Associations were assessed using Chi-square and logistic regression analyses, with significance set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of oral candidiasis was 10.07% (43/427). Prevalence was significantly higher among females (7.49%, p = 0.000), adolescents aged 11–19 years (7.26%, p = 0.000), and rural residents (4.45%, p = 0.012). Significant risk factors identified included rural residence (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.18–4.28), brushing less than twice daily (AOR = 9.68, 95% CI: 2.04–46.03), irregular toothbrush replacement (AOR = 5.83, 95% CI: 1.91–17.89), and lack of flossing (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.10–0.50). Oral candidiasis remains a significant health concern, particularly among females, adolescents, and rural residents. Modifiable factors such as poor oral hygiene practices and infrequent toothbrush replacement were strongly associated with the infection. Public health interventions focusing on oral health education, regular dental care, and antibiotic stewardship are essential to reduce the burden of oral candidiasis in North-east Nigeria.
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