Anti-Hyperglycaemic and Antioxidant Properties of Azanza Garckeana Aqueous Leaf Extract
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.67601/njbls.v3i2b.90Keywords:
Diabetes, α-amylase, Glucosidase, AGALE, FRAP, DPPHAbstract
Azanza garckeana is an African medicinal plant traditionally used for the management of diabetes among others. The study was conducted to investigate the in vitro anti-hyperglycaemic activity using α-amylase and glucosidase inhibition assays and in vivo using type II model diabetic rats while DPPH and FRAP were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of A. garckeana aqueous leaf extract (AGALE). Acarbose and vitamin C were used as the standard drugs for the hyperglycaemic assay and antioxidant assay respectively. For the in vitro studies, the extract exhibited alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of 2.2±0.02 mg/mL and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory of 2.3±0.03 mg/mL showing a higher IC50 value than the control drug acarbose. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to have IC50 values of 1.4±0.07 mg/mL and 3.2±0.08 mg/mL for FRAP both higher than the control. For the in vivo studies, twenty rats (20) were grouped into four (4), comprising of five (5) rats each. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). Group A was normal control, Group B Diabetic control, Group C Diabetic rats given 150 mg/kg b.w. and Group D Diabetic rats given 100 mg/kg b.w. AGALE. Blood glucose levels (BGLs) were recorded weekly; it was observed that the oral administration of AGALE extract exhibited a noteworthy decline in blood glucose levels. The dosage of 150 mg/kg resulted in a more considerable reduction (P<0.05) in blood glucose levels starting from the second week. When compared to the untreated diabetic rats that had a continous increase in the BGL, the treated groups showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in BGLs. The present study demonstrated that AGALE exerted potent anti-hyperglycaemic and antioxidant activity and exhibited appreciable inhibition against alpha amylase and glucosidase hence its use in the management of diabetes mellitus may be justified.
References
Adeleye, J.O. (2021). The hazardous terrain of Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: The time for action is now. Research Journal of Health Sciences Vol 9(1), http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v9i1.8.
Alam, Md. N., Bristi, N. J. and Rafiquzzaman, Md. (2013). Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal (2013) 21, 143–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.002.
Alozieuwa, U. B., Lawal, B., Sani, S., Onikanni, A. S., Osuji, O., Ibrahim, Y. O., Babalola, S. B., Mostafa-Hedeab, G., Alsayegh, A. A., Albogami, A., Batiha, G. E., Wu, A. T. H., Huang, H. and Conte-Junior, A.. (2022). Luteolin-Rich Extract of Thespesia garckeana F. Hoffm. (Snot Apple) Contains Potential Drug-Like Candidates and Modulates Glycemic and Oxidoinflammatory Aberrations in Experimental Animals. Hindawi Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. Volume 2022, Article ID 1215097, 20 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1215097.
Alqahtani, A. S., Hidayathulla, S., Rehman, M. T., ElGamal, A. A., Al-Massarani, S., Razmovski-Naumovski, V. (2019). Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and antioxidant potential of 3-oxolupenal and katononic acid isolated from nuxia oppositifolia. Biomolecules 10, E61. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010061
Altay, A., Tohma, H., Durmaz, L., Taslimi, P., Korkmaz, M., Gülçin, İ. and Koksal, E. (2019) Preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and anticholinergics effects of endemic Gypsophila taxa from Turkey. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 43(7):e12908
Benzie, I. F. F. and Szeto, Y. T. (1999). Total antioxidant capacity of teas by the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 47(2), 633-636. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9807768.
Berenguer, B., Sanchez, L. M., Quilez, A., Lpez-Barreieo, M., de Haro, O., Galvez, J. and Martin, M. J. (2006). Protective and antioxidant effects od Rhizophora mangle L. against NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 130 (2), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.029.
Bhatia, A., Singh, B., Arora, R. and Arora, S. (2019). In vitro evaluation of the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of methanolic extracts of traditionally used antidiabetic plants. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2019) 19:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2482-z.
Brewer, M.S. (2011). Natural Antioxidants: Sources, compounds, mechanisms of action, and potential applications. Comprehensive. Review of Food Science and Food Safety, 10, 221–246.
Etsassala, N.G.E.R., Badmus, J. A., Waryo, T. T., Marnewick, J. L., Cupido, N. C., Hussein, A, A, and Iwuoha, E. I. (2019). Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Novel Abietane Diterpenes from Salvia africana-lutea. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100421
Ezeonu, C.S. and Ejikeme, C. M. (2016). Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Phytochemical Contents of Indigenous Nigerian Softwoods. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. New Journal of Science Volume 2016, Article ID 5601327, 9 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5601327.
Firuzi, O., Lacanna, A., Petrucci, R., Marrosu, G. and Saso, L. (2005). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids by “ferric reducing antioxidant power” assay and cyclic voltammetry. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1721 (2005) 174 – 184. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.11.001.
Gaikwad, B. S., Mohan, K. G. and Rani, M.S. (2014). Phytochemicals for Diabetes Management. Pharmaceutical Crops, 2014, 5, (Suppl 1: M2) 11-28. 2014 Bentham Open.
Gulcin, İ. (2025). Antioxidants: a comprehensive review. Archives of Toxicology, 99, 1893–1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-03997-2
Ibrahim, M., Idoko, A.S., Ganiyu, A.I., and Sadiq, I.Z. (2023). Hypoglycaemic and Anti-hyperglycaemic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Azanza garckeana Leaves in Normal and Alloxan -induced Diabetic Rats. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS) 9 (3b): 247-254, https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v9i3b.26 ISSN (Print): 2476-8316 ISSN (Online): 2635-3490.
Ibrahim, M., Idoko, A.S., Ganiyu, A.I., Lawal, N., Abu, P., Ifebu, J., Michael, F., Na’allah, S. and Yusuf, F. (2023). Phytochemical analysis of Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Azanza garckeana Leaf. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, 1(1): 25-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2023- 0101-003.
Jimenez-Alvarez, D., Guiffrida, F., Vanrobaeys, F., Golay, P. A., Cotting, C., Laedeau, A. and Keely, B. J. (2008). High-throughput methods to assess lpophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of food extracts in vitro. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 56(10), 3470-3477. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703723s.
Lawal, B., Sani, S., Onikanni, A. S., Ibrahim, Y. O., Agboola, A. R., Lukman, H. Y., Olawale, F., Jigam, A. A., Batiha, G. E., Babalola, S. B., Mostafa-Hedeab, G., Lima, C. M. G., Wu, A. T. H. Huang, H. and Conte-Junior, C. A. (2022). Preclinical anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Azanza garckeana in STZ-induced glycaemic-impaired rats, and pharmacoinformatics of its major phytoconstituents. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 152, 113196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113196.
Maroyi, A. (2017). Azanza garckeana fruit tree: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, nutritional and primary healthcare applications as herbal medicine: A Review. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11: 115-123.
Mouri, M. I. and Badireddy, M. (2023). Hyperglycaemia. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/.
National Institute of Health (1992). Institutional Animal Care and use Committee Guidebook, NIH Publication. Washington, D. C: U.S. Government Printing Office. Pp. 92-345.
Okoduwa, S.I.R., Umar. I.A., James, D.B. and Inuwa, H.M. (2017). Anti-Diabetic Potential of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Fractions in Fortified Diet-Fed Streptozotocin Treated Rat Model of Type-2 Diabetes. Medicines, 4:73. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i4.4
Osibemhe, M., Ibrahim, M. and Onoagbe, I.O. (2019). Anti-diabetic Potential Assessmant of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Arrow Poison (Strophantus hispidus) Plant sten bark in Wistar male rats. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. Vol. 23 (4) 603-609. ISSN119-8362 (print). DOI https:/dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i4.4
Owoade, A. O., Adetutu, A., Olurunnisola, O. S. and Ayinde, K. S. (2018). The in-Vitro Antioxidant Properties and Phytochemical Constituents of Citrullus Colocynthis Methanolic Extract. Elixir Applied Botany 121 (2018) 51556-51562.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from Glucosamine. Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44: 307-315. http/dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307.
Salih, A.M.; Al-Qurainy, F.; Tarroum, M.; Shaikhaldein, H.O.; Hashimi, A. (2022). Screening and Estimation of Bioactive Compounds of Azanza garckeana (Jakjak) Fruit Using GC-MS, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, and HPLC Analysis. Separations 2022, 9, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9070172
Tsao, R. Yang, R. and Young, J. C. (2003). Antioxidant isoflavones in Osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf) Schneid. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 51 (22), 6445-6451. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0342369.
Yari, Z., Behrouz, V., Zand, H. and Pourvali, K. (2020). New Insight into Diabetes Management: From Glycemic Index to Dietary Insulin Index. Current Diabetes Reviews.;16(4):293-300.
Zhang, B-W. M., Xing, Y., Wen, C., Yu, X-X., Sun, W-L., Xu, Z-L. and Dong Y-S. (2017). Pentacyclic triterpenes as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase inhibitors: structure-activity relationships and the synergism with acarbose. Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters, 27 (22), 5065-5070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.027
