Termites in Nigerian Traditional Medicine: An Ethno-Medicinal Review

Abstract

Termites have long been used in traditional medicine across many African countries, including Nigeria, where they are valued for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. This review synthesizes available literature on the ethnomedicinal applications of termites in Nigeria, with emphasis on commonly used species, preparation methods, therapeutic uses, and cultural practices among the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo ethnic groups. Relevant peer-reviewed publications were critically reviewed to identify termite species employed in traditional medicine, their modes of preparation, and reported medicinal applications. The review indicates that Macrotermesnigeriensis and Macrotermesbellicosus are the most frequently utilized species for treating wounds, malnutrition, inflammatory conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, and certain pregnancy-related ailments. Common preparation methods include roasting, sun-drying, grinding into powder, decoction, and topical application. Beyond their medicinal value, termites also contribute to food security and serve important ecological functions. Despite their widespread traditional use, scientific evidence supporting their pharmacological efficacy and safety remains limited. Therefore, further phytochemical, toxicological, and clinical investigations are needed to validate these traditional claims and facilitate the integration of evidence-based termite-derived products into modern healthcare. This review highlights the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge while promoting future research on the therapeutic potential of termites for sustainable healthcare and biodiversity conservation in Nigeria.